Investigating multiple ELVES and halos above strong lightning with the fluorescence detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
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et al.; Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR) Univeristy of Tokyo; International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP); JPS; Nagoya Convention and Visitors Bureau; Nagoya University
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ELVES are being studied since 2013 with the twenty-four FD Telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory, in the province of Mendoza (Argentina), the world’s largest facility for the study of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This study exploits a dedicated trigger and extended readout. Since December 2020, this trigger has been extended to the three High Elevation Auger Telescopes (HEAT), which observe the night sky at elevation angles between 30 and 60 degrees, allowing a study of ELVES from closer lightning. The high time resolution of the Auger telescopes allows us to upgrade reconstruction algorithms and to do detailed studies on multiple ELVES. The origin of multiple elves can be studied by analyzing the time difference and the amplitude ratio between flashes and comparing them with the properties of radio signals detected by the ENTLN lightning network since 2018. A fraction of multi-ELVES can also be interpreted as halos following ELVES. Halos are disc-shaped light transients emitted at 70-80 km altitudes, appearing at the center of the ELVES rings, due to the rearrangement of electric charges at the base of the ionosphere after a strong lightning event. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.
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Cosmic ray detectors, Ionosphere, Ionospheric measurement, Lightning protection, Optical telescopes, Photons, Amplitude ratios, Argentina, Elevation angle, Fluorescence detector, High elevation, Higher time resolution, Pierre Auger observatory, Reconstruction algorithms, Time-differences, Ultra high-energy cosmic rays, Cosmology
