Chromatic pupillometry findings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Sex differences

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dc.contributor.affiliationFaculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellin, Colombia
dc.contributor.affiliationDepartment of Psychology, Universidad de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversidad CES, Medellin, Colombia
dc.contributor.affiliationFundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogota, Colombia
dc.contributor.affiliationDepartment of Mechatronics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
dc.contributor.affiliationPrivate Practice, Medellin, Colombia
dc.contributor.affiliationDepartment of Experimental Psychology, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
dc.contributor.authorGloria Liliana Duque-Chica
dc.contributor.authorSandra Carolina Durán-Cristiano
dc.contributor.authorAlejandro León-Alvarez
dc.contributor.authorBalázs Vince Nagy
dc.contributor.authorBenedek Szakali
dc.contributor.authorLuisa Fernanda Correa-Osorio
dc.contributor.authorJulio Cesar Cardona-Silgado
dc.contributor.authorDora Fix Ventura
dc.date.accessioned2025-12-03T19:34:45Z
dc.date.available2025-12-03T19:34:45Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.descriptionIntroduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex aetiology, involving dysfunctions in serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic neural pathways, alongside disturbances in the autonomic nervous system. This study evaluated pupillary light responses (PLR) in subjects with ADHD to assess the integrity of the outer retinal photoreceptor-to-pathway contributions. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed 73 eyes from 43 participants, including 22 with ADHD (mean age = 12.62 ± 3.78 years) and 21 controls (mean age = 14.21 ± 4.71 years). All participants underwent a comprehensive optometric examination. Monocular PLR was measured using an eye tracker in a Ganzfeld setup with short-wavelength (470 nm) and long-wavelength (640 nm) flashes at intensities of −3, −2, −1 and 1 log cd/m2. Pupillometric parameters recorded included baseline peak pupil constriction amplitude (PCA), peak constriction velocity (PCV), peak constriction latency (PCL) and redilation latency at 50% (RL 50%). Results: The ADHD group showed reduced PCA for short-wavelength stimulus at −3 log cd/m2 (p < 0.001) and for long-wavelength stimuli at −2 and −1 log cd/m2 (p < 0.04). PCL, PCV and RL 50% also showed significant differences for short-wavelength stimuli at −3 log cd/m2 (all p < 0.02). An exploratory sex-specific analysis revealed that males with ADHD showed reduced contributions from both the rod pathway and the rod–cone transition range to long-wavelength stimuli, while females exhibited nuanced responses with decreased rod contributions. Conclusions: These findings reveal altered PLR in ADHD, providing evidence of disrupted rod-mediated responses and deficits extending into the rod–cone transition range. The exploratory findings of marked sex-specific differences highlight the need for further investigation and underscore the importance of considering sex as a critical factor in ADHD research. The results suggest a link between cholinergic and noradrenergic dysregulation and altered retinal signal processing. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/opo.70028
dc.identifier.instnameinstname:Universidad de Medellínspa
dc.identifier.issn14751313
dc.identifier.issn02755408
dc.identifier.reponamereponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Medellínspa
dc.identifier.repourlrepourl:https://repository.udem.edu.co/
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11407/9242
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherJohn Wiley and Sons Incspa
dc.publisher.facultyInstituto de Ciencias Sociales y Humanasspa
dc.publisher.programPsicologíaspa
dc.relation.isversionofhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105019396032&doi=10.1111%2Fopo.70028&partnerID=40&md5=8e7a65c3c8ed62998caca529e35a352b
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dc.rights.accesoRestricted access
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.sourceOphthalmic and Physiological Optics
dc.sourceScopus
dc.subjectAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder
dc.subjectPhotoreceptors
dc.subjectPupillary light reflex
dc.titleChromatic pupillometry findings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Sex differences
dc.typeArticle
dc.type.localArtículospa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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